Page 46870
1 Tuesday, 17 November 2009
2 [Open session]
3 [The accused entered court]
4 [The witness takes the stand]
5 --- Upon commencing at 2.20 p.m.
6 JUDGE ANTONETTI: [Interpretation] Mr. Registrar, kindly call the
7 case.
8 THE REGISTRAR: Good afternoon, Your Honours. Good afternoon,
9 everyone in and around the courtroom.
10 This is case number IT-04-74-T, the Prosecutor versus Prlic et
11 al. Thank you, Your Honours.
12 JUDGE ANTONETTI: [Interpretation] Thank you, Mr. Registrar.
13 Today is Tuesday, 17th of November, 2009. Good afternoon to
14 everybody in the courtroom, the accused, the Defence counsel, the
15 witness. Good afternoon to you, Mr. Kruger and Mr. Stringer and your
16 case manager, and all the people assisting us.
17 We're starting five minutes late for a reason that has nothing to
18 do with the Trial Judges, who were in front of the door to the courtroom
19 at 2.15.
20 Mr. Registrar, you have three IC numbers for us, don't you?
21 THE REGISTRAR: Yes, Your Honour.
22 3D has submitted its objections to the Prosecution's request for
23 admission of documents tendered through Witness Ivan Beneta. This list
24 shall be given Exhibit IC1109. 4D has also submitted its objections to
25 the Prosecution's request for submission of documents tendered through
Page 46871
1 Witness Ivan Beneta. This list shall be given Exhibit IC1110. The
2 Prosecution has also submitted its objections to 4D documents tendered
3 through Witness Ivan Beneta. This list shall be given Exhibit IC1111.
4 Thank you, Your Honours.
5 JUDGE ANTONETTI: [Interpretation] Thank you.
6 I'm going to read out an oral ruling on the Petkovic Defence's
7 motion for leave to add Exhibit 4D01733 to its 65 ter list.
8 In its motion of 9th November 2009, the Petkovic Defence asked
9 the Trial Chamber for leave to add Exhibit 4D01733 to its 65 ter list.
10 The Prosecution filed its response on the 10th of November, 2009,
11 specifying that it did not object to the exhibit being added. The other
12 parties did not express an opinion.
13 The Trial Chamber first notes that the exhibit was submitted to
14 Witness Milan
15 the Petkovic Defence had not forewarned the Trial Chamber that the
16 exhibit was not in its 65 ter list.
17 Moreover, the Trial Chamber notes that the exhibit is tendered by
18 the Petkovic Defence without prior notice of it being added to its 65 ter
19 list.
20 The Trial Chamber reminds all parties the provisions of
21 Guide-Line 8 in the Trial Chamber's decision of the 24th of April, 2008
22 namely, that it falls to a party to first seek leave, before the
23 appearance of the witness, if it intends to submit an exhibit that is not
24 included in its 65 ter list, by way of written motion to the
25 Trial Chamber, leave to add the said exhibit to the list. It must
Page 46872
1 provide the reasons why this is essential to the case and the reasons why
2 this exhibit was not on the list filed pursuant to Rule 65 ter (G) of the
3 Rules.
4 However, the Trial Chamber notes that this, Exhibit 4D01733,
5 presents all the necessary indicia -- all the prima facie indicia of
6 reliability, probative value, and relevance. Therefore, in spite of the
7 lack of due diligence by the Petkovic Defence, and in the absence of any
8 prejudice alleged by the other parties, the Trial Chamber decides to add
9 the exhibit to the 65 ter list.
10 Mr. Stringer, you have one minute.
11 MR. STRINGER: Thank you.
12 Good afternoon, Mr. President. Good afternoon, Your Honours, and
13 to everyone else.
14 Just a technical matter for the record. Yesterday was the
15 dead-line for the Prosecution to file its response to the Praljak
16 Rule 89(C) document motion, and that response was filed or was sent to
17 the Registry last night at around 6.00 p.m. However, we did not indicate
18 in the e-mail that yesterday was the dead-line, and under the rules that
19 the Registry operates under, the Registry treated the filing as having
20 been made today, rather than yesterday. It's a technical matter. It's
21 been distributed already to the parties, but I just wanted to bring it to
22 the Trial Chamber's attention in the event that if it's an issue for any
23 of the parties or the Trial Chamber, we can go back to Registry and have
24 the filing changed so that it indicates correctly that it was filed or
25 submitted on the 16th, which was the dead-line. But in any event, I just
Page 46873
1 wanted to put that on the record in case it's an issue for any of the
2 parties.
3 Thank you.
4 JUDGE ANTONETTI: [Interpretation] I don't think it will be a
5 problem at all.
6 We're going to proceed with the cross-examination by the other
7 Defence teams.
8 1D, Mr. Karnavas, do you have any questions for this witness?
9 MR. KARNAVAS: Good afternoon, Mr. President. Good afternoon,
10 Your Honours. Good afternoon to everyone in and around the courtroom.
11 I do have questions and I will probably use up all of my time.
12 However, it's my understanding that General Praljak will go first,
13 then -- yes, General Praljak will go first. Then it will be the Coric
14 team, and then I will go, assuming that there are no questions from the
15 Pusic team, and I believe there may be some questions from the Stojic
16 team. Of course, I can't speak for everybody, but that's my
17 understanding.
18 JUDGE ANTONETTI: [Interpretation] Well, let's start with the
19 Praljak Defence.
20 WITNESS: BOZO PAVLOVIC [Resumed]
21 [The witness answered through interpreter]
22 MS. PINTER: [Interpretation] Thank you, Your Honour. Good
23 afternoon to you and everybody else in the courtroom.
24 First of all, a technical point. We don't seem to have the
25 transcript on our screens, and of course it's always useful to have it.
Page 46874
1 Now, with your permission, the cross-examination will be
2 conducted by General Praljak, himself, because it refers to part of the
3 examination-in-chief by Ms. Alaburic relating to the siege of Mostar and
4 the questions raised by Judge Antonetti towards the end of proceedings
5 yesterday, once again linked to the siege of Mostar.
6 Now, as we're dealing with military matters, and as we're dealing
7 with the period when General Praljak was personally in the area himself,
8 with your permission I'll cede the floor to General Praljak for him to
9 conduct the cross-examination.
10 JUDGE ANTONETTI: [Interpretation] Ms. Pinter, how many minutes
11 did you count on, because there are several different teams and you have
12 altogether one hour and a half, so how many minutes are you going to
13 need?
14 MS. PINTER: [Interpretation] As the Defence has an hour and a
15 half at its disposal, and since we have five Defence teams, all of which
16 would like to conduct the cross-examination, that makes it 18 minutes
17 apiece, if my arithmetic is all right.
18 JUDGE ANTONETTI: [Interpretation] Very well.
19 Mr. Praljak.
20 THE ACCUSED PRALJAK: [Interpretation] Good afternoon, Your
21 Honours and everybody else in the courtroom.
22 Cross-examination by Mr. Praljak:
23 Q. [Interpretation] Good afternoon to you, Colonel.
24 A. Good afternoon.
25 Q. Just give me a brief answer when you hear my question.
Page 46875
1 Nika, would you hand out this, please? Oh, they've already been
2 handed out. Fine, thank you.
3 When you became commander of the 3rd Brigade of the Croatian
4 Defence Council, did you ever, either alone at the level of the brigade,
5 or at the level of the operative zone, or at the level of the Main Staff,
6 and when I was the commander there, make any offensive plans towards the
7 BH Army in the Mostar area?
8 A. General, sir, I don't remember that the brigade took part in the
9 elaboration of any operative offensive plans at all.
10 Q. Thank you. So throughout that time, you were on the defensive
11 or, rather, carrying out your defence assignments?
12 A. Yes, that's right, the brigade had exclusively defence
13 assignments.
14 Q. During that time from the 30th of June and later on in July, when
15 you took over the brigade, and the coming months, the months after that,
16 were you bombed with artillery weapons at your positions 'round the
17 clock, day and night?
18 A. Yes, every day. We were shelled every day by the artillery.
19 Q. Especially at night, could you know whether that artillery
20 assault was coming from the Army of Republika Srpska or from
21 Bosnia-Herzegovina?
22 A. That's something one cannot establish. You can't know that,
23 because their artillery weapons - I'm talking about the BH Army - were in
24 the vicinity of the positions of the Army of Republika Srpska, so we
25 weren't able to distinguish where the shells, the projectiles, were
Page 46876
1 coming from exactly.
2 Q. Colonel, do you know, especially with respect to the earlier
3 period, that the Army of Republika Srpska - and this is something that
4 Judge Antonetti asked you about - targeted both East Mostar and West
5 Mostar, trying to bring about a conflict? Did you have any information
6 about that? Were you aware of that? Did you discuss things like that?
7 A. Yes, the Army of Republika Srpska did target the positions in the
8 area of Stolac right up until the date that you mentioned, that is to
9 say, the 30th of June, and I can testify to that myself, directly,
10 because as far as I can remember, several days before that particular
11 date the projectiles launched from the positions of the Army of Republika
12 Srpska led to three of my soldiers being killed in Stolac.
13 Q. I'm not going to ask you about Mostar, but did your brigade hold
14 the positions south of Mostar, towards Blagaj?
15 A. Yes, my brigade did hold the positions from the town of Mostar
16 the Buna River
17 Q. Tell me, please, Colonel, throughout that area did you see -- in
18 front of you, were there houses in depth, family houses in that area?
19 Was it a built-up area with family houses?
20 A. Yes, it was. It was a built-up area.
21 Q. And were those houses linked by road, with cars going along those
22 roads?
23 A. Yes, of course.
24 Q. From your positions, could you see each of these roads between
25 the houses, could you see the cars and the pedestrians moving around?
Page 46877
1 A. No, especially not in Gnojnice, Dracevice. The roads were
2 visible just in some places.
3 Q. Tell me, Colonel, did your brigade have its own artillery?
4 A. Yes, it did, just like any other brigade.
5 Q. Did you ever, you personally, give an order for some pedestrians
6 to be targeted by the artillery, or did you receive an order to that
7 effect from the Main Staff at any time during that period?
8 A. No. The artillery could target only military targets, pursuant
9 to orders from a front-line commander.
10 Q. Tell me, please, you were a military commander yourself, at night
11 how many people from Mostar, in your view, could go to Blagaj unimpeded
12 and come back without anybody seeing them, and even if somebody wanted to
13 shoot at them, they didn't know how, they couldn't see them? Men, women,
14 children, how many using those roads in the area?
15 A. Well, the Gnojnice and Dracevice areas, you could move around
16 that area at night without any major problems. You could even drive
17 through. And on foot, you could go any time you liked and wouldn't be
18 hindered. So maybe a thousand people.
19 Q. Now, please, would you turn to P04103 -- no, I got it wrong.
20 4403. Yes, 4403. Take a look at this document quickly. I think you've
21 already seen it. Do you know who the head, Branko Kvesic, is?
22 A. Yes.
23 Q. What was he, as far as you know?
24 A. He was the minister of the interior.
25 Q. Now, in this document, in the first part, it says that the
Page 46878
1 Muslims -- that their people met representatives of the Army of Republika
2 Srpska. At the time, did you have any information that was semi-public
3 about these two armies holding meetings?
4 A. Yes, and I said that yesterday. And with your permission, I've
5 also remembered that I read a book by my friend, General Drekovic. He
6 made me a present of the book, and in that book he says at one point --
7 or, rather, he describes the situation and says that after his arrival to
8 the 4th Corps of the BH Army as commander, he found unmanned positions
9 facing the Army of Republika Srpska.
10 Q. Thank you. We've already shown this book here in court. We've
11 seen it. But tell me, during that summer and autumn of 1993, who
12 attacked you, how many times, and with what intensity?
13 A. In the summer of 1993, we were attacked by the BH Army, and that
14 was two or three times, with greater intensity and with lesser intensity.
15 The attacks were daily.
16 Q. Tell us, please, Colonel, in these offensive attacks, did they
17 have any shortages in artillery pieces, or infantry, weapons, since, as
18 the Prosecutor says, that they were under siege? Did they lack
19 ammunition?
20 A. No. When they launched offensive actions in the Hum area, they
21 had very strong artillery -- a very strong artillery. And judging by
22 what they did up there and what we came across and found when we came
23 across their dead, they were very well equipped.
24 Q. Colonel, from this document do you know who, on the 30th of June,
25 took control of all the hydroelectric power-stations from Mostar to
Page 46879
1 Jablanica along the Neretva River
2 terms?
3 A. The hydroelectric power-plants along the Neretva River
4 Jablanica to Mostar were controlled by the BH Army. I think four
5 power-stations in all.
6 Q. Thank you. Now look at the next document, which is 4D00798.
7 Have you found it?
8 A. Yes.
9 Q. Do you know who Sefer Halilovic was?
10 A. Yes, I do.
11 Q. Tell me, please, on this document, which is an extensive one and
12 I don't want to go through it all - all I'm interested in is "death to
13 fascism, freedom to the Bosniaks" - how do you interpret this cry at the
14 end of a text signed by the chief of the Main Staff of the BH Army,
15 Sefer Halilovic? It says "death to fascism," so who are the fascists
16 here, and what did the BH Army look like, if it says "freedom" and then
17 "only to the Bosniaks"? What does that tell you?
18 A. Well, from this we can see that as far as he's concerned,
19 everyone in Bosnia-Herzegovina was a fascist, they were all fascists,
20 except for the Bosniaks.
21 Q. Thank you. Now look at document 4D00793, which is the next
22 document. Do you know who Arif Pasalic is?
23 A. Yes, I do.
24 Q. Now, this document is dated the 20th of September, 1993, and
25 Arif Pasalic says here that the Ustashas are attacking the HVO and the
Page 46880
1 HV, et cetera, et cetera. And then, in item 2, he goes on to say that:
2 "Our forces," meaning the BH Army forces "have been moved towards
3 the south, center, and north, and that they managed to take certain
4 elevation points, important elevation points."
6 fiercest attack within Neretva 93, precisely on the hill that you
7 mentioned earlier on?
8 A. Yes, General, sir, that is indeed the date when my unit, that is
9 to say, the 3rd Brigade, suffered heavy losses when it lost control of
10 part of its positions, when it was not prepared and ready for an action
11 of that kind, because just a few days before a truce had been signed, and
12 so they caught us unawares. We never thought that we could be -- that we
13 could come under attack. So they took control of part of Hum Hill and
14 part of the positions in town, as far as I remember, and also in the area
15 of Kovacina and that general area down there. And we managed to regain
16 control of it later on.
17 Q. And were all the positions regained later, the eastern ones?
18 A. Yes.
19 Q. So is this a model of behaviour, that is to say, the HVO as
20 Ustashas, the Croatian Army attacking the blameless BH Army, and then
21 this is justification for their offensive actions? In your view, was
22 that what -- the kind of thing we experienced down there?
23 A. General, sir, I said that I remember this date very well, and
24 I can say with a great deal of certainty that at that time we respected
25 the order for a truce and cease-fire that came in from several levels.
Page 46881
1 And whenever a truce was agreed upon, there would be a BH Army attack
2 launched against us.
3 Q. Now, the next document is 4D00768.
4 Do you know who Rasim Delic is?
5 A. Yes, I know him personally.
6 Q. Let's look at paragraph marked "3," which states that the staffs
7 and commands of the 1st, 4th, and the 6th Corps must offer their
8 assistance in the implementation of the assigned tasks. And it says
9 "crossing from Dobrinja to Butmir." Is that Sarajevo, the exit from
10 Sarajevo
11 A. Yes.
12 Q. And then it goes on to say:
13 "Transport on the direction from Igman to Mostar."
14 "Transport," what does that mean, "transport from," when you
15 leave Sarajevo
16 they mean; camels, donkeys, cars? Is it sitting in a car and going on a
17 good road, or some part of it would be a macadam road and then we would
18 reach Mostar?
19 A. What they mean is transport using motor vehicles, because there
20 was a road along this direction. And I personally did go to Sarajevo
21 Igman, so that's how I know.
22 Q. Can you look at 3D00567. 3D00567. Do you know where this Bijela
23 Bridge is?
24 A. Yes, it's north of Mostar.
25 Q. And you know who Arif Pasalic is. Can you tell us what you can
Page 46882
1 see from this document? We are talking about the Bijela Bridge
2 had been handed over to the Army of Bosnia-Herzegovina for guarding; can
3 we see that from this document?
4 A. If I can read the document.
5 Q. Yes, go ahead. It was supposed to be de-mined, the bridge?
6 A. Yes.
7 Q. So who was on the bridge if the Bosnia-Herzegovina Army was
8 supposed to de-mine it?
9 A. The Bosnia-Herzegovina Army.
10 Q. Can you look at document 4D - it's the previous document - 00726.
11 It's a document of the 26th of October, 1993. Who signed the document?
12 A. Arif Pasalic.
13 Q. Can you please look at the document, Colonel, sir. Does it state
14 that a unit of 20 soldiers would be assigned to --
15 A. Yes, that will take up the positions at Kuci and Potok Bijela,
16 Bijela Creek.
17 Q. But it says here "to strengthen" or "to fortify the lines." Who
18 is on the bridge if 10 to 20 people are supposed to fortify the lines?
19 A. Well, the strength of the force of that commander, so it would
20 imply the Army of Bosnia-Herzegovina.
21 Q. All right, thank you very much. Let's look at the Bijela Bridge
22 We have three photographs, 3D03789. Let's look at the first one. That's
23 3D43-1383. Colonel, sir, could you please show us where the Bijela
24 Bridge is or where the settlement that we call "Bijela" is?
25 And can we give something to the witness so he can mark it?
Page 46883
1 Can you please circle that spot and mark it with a "1"?
2 A. [Marks]
3 Q. Can you please now indicate whether you see this lake on the
4 Neretva? Can you show us where the dam is? Where does the lake end?
5 Where is the lake or the reservoir, and where is the hydroelectric
6 power-plant? Can you mark that with a number "2"?
7 A. [Marks]
8 Q. Can we look at the next photograph, 3D -- and you can initial the
9 bottom of that photograph and the date.
10 JUDGE ANTONETTI: [Interpretation] Let's have a number.
11 MR. KARNAVAS: Mr. President, it might be good at this point for
12 General Praljak to ask whether the conditions are exactly the same then
13 as they are depicted in this particular photograph, because I believe
14 it's out of Google, which is of today. So perhaps the gentleman would
15 know. That way, there's no misunderstanding.
16 THE ACCUSED PRALJAK: [Interpretation] We will see that better
17 when we enlarge that place. So the Colonel can then say whether the
18 situation is different now as compared to then.
19 And let us look at the third photograph, finally, and then the
20 witness can respond to Mr. Karnavas' question.
21 JUDGE ANTONETTI: [Interpretation] Colonel, could you please
22 answer the question put to us by Mr. Karnavas? He wanted to know whether
23 the Google map that we have here, which dates 2009, reflects the same
24 thing as existed in 1993, whether the town of Bijela was there, whether
25 the river was there, whether the hydroelectric power-plant under number 2
Page 46884
1 is there also. So is it the same now as it was at the time?
2 THE WITNESS: [Interpretation] Of course.
3 JUDGE ANTONETTI: [Interpretation] He says, "Of course." Very
4 well.
5 Registrar, could we have a number for the map?
6 THE REGISTRAR: Yes, Your Honour. The marked portion of 3D03789
7 shall be given Exhibit IC1112. Thank you, Your Honours.
8 JUDGE ANTONETTI: [Interpretation] General Praljak, please resume.
9 THE ACCUSED PRALJAK: [Interpretation] The next map is 3D43-1384,
10 and this is now enlarged so we can see better.
11 Q. Colonel, these roads here around this area here, the Bay of
12 Bijela, did they exist at the time when you were working in Mostar for
13 two years, when the roads were constructed, they were being constructed
14 then? Can you please show us those roads, and can you answer whether
15 those roads existed then, and were they the same as we see on this map
16 now?
17 A. [Marks]. The roads did exist to the right of Bijela.
18 Q. Yes, we'll see that on the next map. If you can just mark that
19 with number 1, number 2, and number 3.
20 And can we have a number for this, please?
21 JUDGE ANTONETTI: [Interpretation] Colonel, could you please place
22 figures 1, 2, and 3, since we have three roads?
23 THE WITNESS: [Marks]
24 JUDGE ANTONETTI: [Interpretation] Registrar, can we have an IC
25 number for this map.
Page 46885
1 THE REGISTRAR: The second marked portion of document 3D3789
2 shall be given Exhibit IC1113. Thank you, Your Honours.
3 JUDGE TRECHSEL: A small question, just to clarify that I
4 interpret the map correctly.
5 The road passing by Ravni looks here as if it were a dead-end
6 road; is that correct?
7 THE WITNESS: [Interpretation] It does not end in a dead-end. I
8 cannot really tell here, specifically, but I think that it connects on to
9 this road [indicates].
10 JUDGE TRECHSEL: You think so, you think so. Do you see that on
11 the map? Because I fail, really, to see it on the map.
12 THE WITNESS: [Interpretation] You cannot see it on the map, but
13 there was a road in this area that you could reach on foot or pass on
14 foot.
15 JUDGE TRECHSEL: Not a road, then, but a foot-path?
16 THE WITNESS: [Interpretation] I think -- I never passed that way,
17 but as far as I know, I think that there was a road that you could use.
18 You could pass -- you could perhaps not pass the road in a vehicle, but
19 you could use other means.
20 JUDGE TRECHSEL: What other means, except on foot and perhaps
21 with a mule, do you have in mind; a motorcycle, a bicycle, a mountain
22 bike?
23 THE WITNESS: [Interpretation] In terrain like this, we were using
24 horses, donkeys. These were the means that we used for transporting
25 cargoes.
Page 46886
1 JUDGE TRECHSEL: Thank you.
2 MR. STEWART: Your Honours, in my reluctant capacity as a sort of
3 self-appointed map monitor, could I observe that at line 7 at page 16,
4 "indicates," he indicated but didn't mark, and then when we get a few
5 lines later on, "but there was a road in this area that you could reach
6 on foot," all we got is "this area." And although at the time we could
7 see on the map what he was talking about, nobody, in a few weeks or
8 months' time, will know that.
9 The maps really do need -- I have said it quite a few times now,
10 with respect, Your Honour. Maps need very careful marking as we go along
11 if any of us are going to be able to make proper use of them on the
12 transcript in due course.
13 JUDGE ANTONETTI: [Interpretation] Colonel, you drew three roads,
14 1, 2 and 3, in red. My fellow Judge asked you whether you could drive in
15 a vehicle through these roads, and you said, No, these are just paths or
16 trails. So could you please tell us, so that it's on the transcript,
17 whether roads 1, 2, or 3 were asphalted roads on which vehicles could
18 drive or whether these were earth trails where you could only move with
19 mules, or animals, or motorbikes, but not with cars? Please make this
20 specific so we know exactly how it was.
21 THE WITNESS: [Interpretation] You could drive in vehicles in a
22 certain part, and then another part it was not possible to go in a
23 vehicle.
24 JUDGE ANTONETTI: [Interpretation] So could you tell us on which
25 part vehicles could drive?
Page 46887
1 THE WITNESS: [Interpretation] This part from Bijelo Polje via
2 Ravni-Jasenjani. These were villages that had been inhabited up until
3 the war, people living there. They had their vehicles, and they would
4 drive to their homes.
5 THE ACCUSED PRALJAK: [Interpretation]
6 Q. Colonel, sir, do you know where Jasenjani is on this main road?
7 Can you tell where Jasenjani is? If you don't know, you don't know.
8 A. I don't see it here, but it should be near Ravni.
9 Q. To the north or to the south?
10 A. Ravni-Jasenjani, it should be to the north.
11 Q. Is it true or is it correct that you actually don't know whether
12 you could pass in a vehicle and -- at the exact route? I mean, do you
13 know this exactly or perhaps you're not sure?
14 A. Up to the village of Ravni-Jasenjani
15 know that 100 per cent. As for the rest of that road, I don't know what
16 the road is like because I was never there.
17 THE ACCUSED PRALJAK: [Interpretation] Thank you very much. Let's
18 look at the third map, 4D31385.
19 MR. KRUGER: Thank you, Your Honour. I apologise for
20 interrupting General Praljak, but if I may perhaps again take up the
21 point that my learned colleague Mr. Stewart has made.
22 After the witness signed the IC Exhibit 1113, after that time he
23 made another marking, Your Honour, and that is from just left of the name
24 "Gomile" or "Gomite," and that's the line which then proceeds for about
25 10 centimetres. And if he could perhaps just explain what that marking
Page 46888
1 is that he made, and perhaps mark that as well as a number 4,
2 Your Honour.
3 Thank you.
4 JUDGE ANTONETTI: [Interpretation] Colonel, when you started to
5 draw these four roads, 1, 2 and 3, road number 3 stopped at one point in
6 time, and my fellow Judge asked you whether this road was a dead-end.
7 You said, No, and then you drew a line to join it with road number 2.
8 And I see that you have actually marked number 4 on this portion of road.
9 So could you tell us what exactly this number 4 means so it's on the
10 transcript?
11 THE WITNESS: [Interpretation] Number 4 marks that section that
12 I'm not sure you could pass in a motor vehicle.
13 JUDGE ANTONETTI: [Interpretation] Very well. It's on the
14 transcript. Number 4 marks the section where the witness is not sure
15 that a motor vehicle could pass.
16 General Praljak, you have the floor. General Praljak, you have
17 already run over your time by 7 minutes. Our Registrar is telling us
18 that you've already used 25 minutes. So please finish your
19 cross-examination, and of course this time will be deducted from the time
20 allotted to other teams.
21 The Registrar is also telling me that this map needs an IC
22 number. Registrar, could we have an IC number for this new map?
23 MR. KARNAVAS: Mr. President, I'm not going to stand here and
24 have my time deducted because another Defence had to do their
25 questioning. Otherwise, if that is the new rule, then I will be
Page 46889
1 objecting as soon as -- I'll keep my own time and then start objecting
2 and cutting off witnesses or cutting off my colleagues. But I don't
3 think that we can just subtract. It's not fair to the rest of us. The
4 rest of us have cases. We're not monolithic here. I keep saying this
5 over and over again. But Mr. Praljak does need to --
6 JUDGE ANTONETTI: [Interpretation] Yes, you're absolutely right,
7 Mr. Karnavas, as usual. But the Registrar -- Mr. Registrar, please give
8 us a number.
9 THE REGISTRAR: Thank you, Your Honour.
10 The third marked portion of document 3D03789 shall be given
11 Exhibit IC1114. Thank you, Your Honours.
12 JUDGE ANTONETTI: [Interpretation] General Praljak, you have spent
13 7 minutes -- you've run your time -- you've run over by 7 minutes. You
14 know, and Mr. Karnavas doesn't want to give you any time. I don't know
15 if others want to give you any time. Maybe Mr. Pusic's Defence can give
16 you some time. I don't know where you stand.
17 THE ACCUSED PRALJAK: [Interpretation] Thank you, Your Honours.
18 I'm not going to burden anyone.
19 Colonel, sir, thank you very much for responding to my questions.
20 I'm sorry that I couldn't put a couple of more questions to you.
21 THE WITNESS: [Interpretation] Thank you.
22 JUDGE ANTONETTI: [Interpretation] Colonel, we understood that
23 you're not very familiar with the roads that you drew on the map. It
24 looks like these were earth trails, but I'm a bit surprised. Can't a car
25 or a vehicle go through an earth trail? A long time ago, you know, I
Page 46890
1 remember in Arizona
2 reservations, and I was driving on these earth trails. Of course, this
3 is not Arizona
4 earth trails?
5 THE WITNESS: [Interpretation] You could not drive a car along
6 some roads, but you can drive a car along a macadam road that is in a
7 better condition, and we did drive along the macadam roads, yes.
8 JUDGE ANTONETTI: [Interpretation] Very well.
9 Mr. Coric's Defence.
10 MS. TOMASEGOVIC TOMIC: [Interpretation] Good afternoon, Your
11 Honours, and everybody else in the courtroom.
12 I'd like to ask for the usher's assistance. Could he come up to
13 collect some documents to hand out? The documents have been handed
14 'round to the interpreters, so these are documents for the Prosecution,
15 the Trial Chamber, and the witness.
16 Your Honours, I hope I'll be able to get through everything I had
17 planned to do in 18 minutes. However, if that time is not sufficient,
18 I'm going to ask permission from the Trial Chamber to allow me, as it
19 allowed me in Mr. Buntic's case, with the 1D witness and with the 3D
20 witness of General Praljak, to use the time allotted to the Coric
21 Defence. So it might just be 10 or 15 more minutes. There was a
22 previous decision to that effect. If I may use the overall time and take
23 some minutes from the overall time.
24 JUDGE ANTONETTI: [Interpretation] Please try and make it in 18
25 minutes.
Page 46891
1 You have the floor.
2 Cross-examination by Ms. Tomasegovic Tomic
3 Q. [Interpretation] Good afternoon, Mr. Pavlovic.
4 A. Good afternoon.
5 Q. My name is Ms. Tomasegovic Tomic, and as you've just heard, I
6 shall be conducting the cross-examination on behalf of the Coric Defence.
7 You have the documents in front of you, and I'll take them in the
8 order that you have them before you. And the first document that I'd
9 like us to look at is 5D0344 -- 5D03044. Have you found the document?
10 A. Yes.
11 Q. Is this one of your orders, dated the 14th of April, 1993?
12 A. Yes.
13 Q. In the order, it says that it is pursuant to the order of the
14 commander of the 1st Brigade, and this particular order relates to the
15 introduction of a police curfew and putting that curfew into effect. And
16 we see that the order was sent to the Stolac military police, the police
17 station in Stolac, and all the units, et cetera, et cetera, not having to
18 go through them all; is that correct?
19 A. Yes.
20 Q. Tell me now, please, Mr. Pavlovic, according to the establishment
21 of the military police in the Stolac area, we had the 3rd Stolac Platoon,
22 the 3rd Company and the 3rd Military Police Battalion; am I right? They
23 were active in the area?
24 A. I think you're right, yes.
25 Q. So we can conclude, then, when you say "the military police of
Page 46892
1 Stolac," you actually mean that particular platoon; is that right?
2 A. Yes.
3 Q. Very well. Let's move on to the next document, which is document
4 number P01888. This is an order, again, dated April, from the commander
5 of the Operative Zone for South-East Herzegovina, Miljenko Lasic, but
6 Petar Zelenika signed for him, for the commander.
7 Tell me now, please, you belonged to the South-East Herzegovina
8 Operations Zone, did you not?
9 A. Yes.
10 Q. So underneath the date, we see that the order follows on from an
11 order issued by the Main Staff, and in item 1 we see that it relates to
12 the organisation of an operation. I don't have to read everything. You
13 can see it for yourself. In point 2, we have the forces listed to take
14 part in the operation, and a military police squad from the 3rd Military
15 Police Battalion. Can you see that?
16 A. Yes.
17 Q. Then in item 5, it says that the commander-in-chief for all the
18 forces is the commander of the 2nd Brigade. Do you see that?
19 A. Yes.
20 Q. And at the bottom, we see that the order was sent to, among
21 others, the 3rd Military Police Battalion commander?
22 A. Yes.
23 Q. Tell me, please, Mr. Pavlovic, according to the establishment of
24 the military police in the Operative Zone of South-Eastern Herzegovina,
25 we had the 3rd Military Police Battalion active there; is that right?
Page 46893
1 A. Yes.
2 Q. Let's move on to the next document, then, please, which is
3 5D03046. This is another order of yours, once again dated April, and it
4 relates to letting through people through check-points, disarming anybody
5 who goes against orders, and at the bottom we see that it was sent to the
6 military police and the police station; is that right? Do you recognise
7 this order?
8 A. Yes, I do.
9 Q. So we're dealing with the same military police unit that we
10 mentioned earlier on, it's always that same unit; right?
11 A. Right.
12 Q. Now, just look at the number at the top of the order. The last
13 digits are 93-515 [as interpreted].
14 And now we come to 5D03048, which is the next document I'd like
15 us to look at. Here we have an approval from you. It doesn't say
16 "Order," "I hereby order." It says: "I hereby approve."
17 Just let me take a moment, please.
18 The document that we're looking at now is 5D03048, for the
19 record.
20 As I said, this is an approval from you sent to the same military
21 police unit and the police station, and it is one of your documents;
22 right?
23 A. Yes.
24 Q. And in the last sentence, it refers to an order from the previous
25 document. You can check that out by looking at the numbers, 5D03046 was
Page 46894
1 the number of the document, of the previous document; is that right? Can
2 you compare those numbers and tell us?
3 A. Yes.
4 Q. Let's move on to the next document now, please, which is 5D03052,
5 and -- yes, I said 5D03052. This is another order of yours once again
6 sent to the military police of Stolac, and this time to the Command of
7 the 4th Battalion. Do you recognise this order as being one of yours?
8 A. Yes.
9 Q. Let's move on to the next document, which is P0 --
10 JUDGE ANTONETTI: [Interpretation] General -- Colonel, I mean,
11 when you sent this type of order to the military police, does this mean
12 that you are telling them that you have authority over them?
13 THE WITNESS: [Interpretation] In part, yes, because they were
14 attached to the unit to perform police assignments in that area.
15 JUDGE ANTONETTI: [Interpretation] Very well. You're saying, Yes,
16 in part. Well, could you tell us in which area you do not have authority
17 over them?
18 THE WITNESS: [Interpretation] Well, I can't supervise them. That
19 is, I can't order them to go into combat, for example, and I can't order
20 them to do other things, either. I can't remember all the instances.
21 But as far as police assignments, like setting up check-points, taking
22 people into custody, and things like that, then they were at the disposal
23 of the unit on the ground.
24 JUDGE ANTONETTI: [Interpretation] You are saying that you
25 couldn't order them to go into combat, but if the unit of the military
Page 46895
1 police is subordinated to your brigade, in that case can you give them
2 order -- can you order them to go into combat?
3 THE WITNESS: [Interpretation] If it was attached for police
4 purposes, for carrying out police assignments, then I can issue them
5 assignments from their police activities. However, if there is
6 permission from a superior, then I can attach them to a unit engaged in
7 combat.
8 JUDGE ANTONETTI: [Interpretation] So, well, your answer is rather
9 vague, not very specific, but I'm trying to understand what you're
10 saying. If the order comes from a higher officer, for instance, the
11 commander of an operational group, then you can send them into combat and
12 you have authority over them; is that what you meant?
13 THE WITNESS: [Interpretation] I did not have any such occasion.
14 However, if my superior issues an order to me, telling me that I can send
15 them into combat, then I can do that, because probably he had agreed upon
16 something like that previously.
17 MS. TOMASEGOVIC TOMIC: [Interpretation] Thank you, Your Honour.
18 JUDGE TRECHSEL: Not so relevant question, but could you tell us
19 where this place or locality or area, Begovina settlement, is located?
20 THE WITNESS: [Interpretation] It is located at the exit to Stolac
21 town, towards Berkovici, and it's up at the front-line.
22 JUDGE TRECHSEL: Thank you.
23 MS. TOMASEGOVIC TOMIC: [Interpretation]
24 Q. Mr. Pavlovic, to avoid any misunderstandings, in your response to
25 the questions linked to command of the military police, you are speaking
Page 46896
1 as a battalion commander and your experience in that post, how you
2 functioned in the Stolac area; am I right in saying that?
3 A. Yes.
4 Q. Let's move on to the next document, which is P01913.
5 JUDGE ANTONETTI: [Interpretation] Judge Mindua has a question.
6 JUDGE MINDUA: [Interpretation] Yes. Excuse me, Ms. Tomasegovic.
7 I just want to be sure I understood the witness's answer properly, when
8 he spoke about orders to be issued to the military police, the Battalion
9 of the Military Police.
10 Witness, Witness Pavlovic, you said that you could, in part, give
11 orders to military police within your battalion if you, yourself, had
12 received instructions from your superior. Could you tell us from at what
13 level of authority this superior should be and whether he, himself, must
14 have or has authority over the military police? Because military police
15 is separate from other fighting units.
16 You see, what I fear is this: For instance, your superior,
17 giving you instructions to send men from the military police to the
18 front-line, would not have the authority to issue such an order. What do
19 you think of this?
20 THE WITNESS: [Interpretation] I can only carry out the orders I
21 receive from my immediate superior, in this case the commander of the 1st
22 Brigade. Now, probably -- well, who he decides this with, I don't know.
23 But if he has reached a decision and has reached an agreement and gives
24 me an order, then I will carry it out.
25 JUDGE MINDUA: [Interpretation] Thank you very much.
Page 46897
1 MS. TOMASEGOVIC TOMIC: [Interpretation] Let's move on to P01913,
2 the next document I'd like us to look at.
3 Q. This is titled a "Request" by your superior, Colonel
4 Nedjeljko Obradovic, and he says that entry to certain persons should not
5 be allowed, that others should be detained for 15 days, and so on. We
6 see that the request was sent to the active service military police.
7 Now, would you look at the number up at the top and remember it?
8 Keep that number, because we'll come back to it, but tell me, have you
9 ever seen this request before?
10 A. Yes, I have.
11 Q. All right, thank you. Let's move on to the next document, which
12 is P01972. And this is a daily report from the Command of the
13 3rd Battalion -- 3rd Company of the 3rd Battalion of the Military Police
14 of Capljina. According to the establishment, the 3rd Company of
15 3rd Battalion was active in the Capljina area; am I right in saying that?
16 A. I think so, yes.
17 Q. Now take a look at what it says under the heading of "Security,"
18 incidents of security interest. It says there that:
19 "Acting upon order number," and then you have the number,
20 "1100-01-93-236," "another two people have been taken into custody and
21 detained at the Grabovina barracks for 15 days."
22 Would you look at the number there and tell us whether it is the
23 number in the previous document, P01913 being the number of the previous
24 document?
25 MS. ALABURIC: [Interpretation] Your Honours, I have an objection
Page 46898
1 to how counsel called the previous document, which is a request, not an
2 order. I think she misspoke.
3 MS. TOMASEGOVIC TOMIC: [Interpretation] Well, when I spoke
4 earlier on, I said "Request," it is titled, but in the report it is
5 referred to as "Order."
6 MS. ALABURIC: [Interpretation] But then it might not be the same
7 document, because a request is a request, and an order is an order.
8 MS. TOMASEGOVIC TOMIC: [Interpretation] That's precisely why I'm
9 reading out the number of the document. So it was in P01913. I'll read
10 the number there again. It is 1100-01-01-93-236.
11 Now let's look at the number in the report under the title
12 "Incidents of Security Interest," which is 1100-01-93-236.
13 MS. ALABURIC: [Interpretation] Well, the numbers aren't the same,
14 because in the second document it's "01" just once. In the previous
15 document, it was "01-01"; that is to say, "01" came twice.
16 MS. TOMASEGOVIC TOMIC: [Interpretation] Let's go back to the
17 contents of the document, then.
18 JUDGE ANTONETTI: [Interpretation] Put your question to the
19 witness.
20 MS. TOMASEGOVIC TOMIC: [Interpretation] Let's go back to the
21 request, and let's see what the request asks, what Mr. Obradovic asks in
22 his request.
23 He says, under item 1:
24 "The entry of BH Army members is not allowed into our area of
25 responsibility from Rotimlje to Drenovac without my written clearance."
Page 46899
1 And then in item 2, he says:
2 "All members of the BH Army carrying BH Army insignia are to be
3 arrested immediately and detained for 15 days."
4 Now, in P01972, the other document, and the signatory is
5 Mr. Ancic, the commander of the 3rd Company of the 3rd Battalion, says
6 that:
7 "Acting on the order, another two people have been taken into
8 custody and placed in detention in the Grabovina barracks for a period of
9 15 days."
10 Witness, I'm now going to put a question to you.
11 Q. In view of the text that I have just read, is this an identical
12 request to the order that was made in Mr. Ancic's report? If you're
13 unable to answer, please say so. And if you are able to, can you please
14 tell me if you know about it and if this was implemented?
15 A. This is a little bit confusing, but I think it is the same
16 request.
17 Q. Can we look at the next document. This is 5D02195. This is an
18 order for taking into custody issued by commander of the 3rd Battalion of
19 the 3rd Company of the Military Police. In the order, the commander is
20 again referring to an order, and it has the same number as the one in the
21 report. But the only difference is the "1100-01" number from the request
22 by Mr. Obradovic. But since we're talking about an order to take into
23 custody, I conclude that again we're talking about the implementation of
24 the same request. Am I correct?
25 A. [No verbal response]
Page 46900
1 Q. You have to speak up, sir. We didn't hear your answer.
2 A. Yes.
3 Q. Sir, Mr. Pavlovic, can you please tell us why you think that --
4 or do you know why the persons who signed the report and the order refer
5 to this request by Mr. Obradovic as a order? Do they believe that they
6 have to act upon it in the same way as if it was entitled an order? As
7 it is a request, do they have the same weight?
8 A. From what I can recall from my testimony yesterday, I noticed a
9 document that is identical to this request, but it is in the form of an
10 order. Perhaps that's where the confusion lies.
11 Q. Sir, let's move to the next document.
12 JUDGE TRECHSEL: If I may just add a small question.
13 I see on this list one Edo Obradovic. It seems to me that you
14 have spoken about one Edo Obradovic yesterday. Is it the same person?
15 Can you say anything about this?
16 THE WITNESS: [Interpretation] It's possible that it's the same
17 person. But from what I can remember, we had several people with the
18 name Edin Obradovic in my unit, nicknamed Edo.
19 JUDGE TRECHSEL: Thank you.
20 MS. TOMASEGOVIC TOMIC: [Interpretation] We're going to move to
21 the next document. This is 5D04380. This is another order sent to the
22 same unit of the military police in Stolac from late April 1993.
23 Q. Do you recognise it?
24 A. Yes.
25 Q. Let's look at the next document. This is 5D03019. This is an
Page 46901
1 order by Colonel Obradovic. I don't think that it's his signature.
2 I think somebody signed the document for him, but I cannot tell who it
3 was. It's an order from late May 1993, and it states that:
4 "With the actions of the 1st HVO Brigade VOS information on
5 activities and intentions of the B and H Army units and members, and with
6 a view to more efficient co-ordination and operation of the units
7 providing security in depth of the 1st HVO Brigade Knez Domagoj, issues
8 the following order:"
9 And then under number 1, Mr. Obradovic commands the military
10 police Active Service Company to provide security at check-point passes.
11 And then somewhere in the middle of that paragraph, it refers to the
12 Stolac check-point, with two military policemen.
13 Then in paragraph 2, the MUP Capljina police station is tasked.
14 And then the third paragraph refers to the assignment for the
15 Stolac MUP police station, and so on.
16 Then in item 9, it says that civilian police, active service, and
17 home guard commanders are responsible for the implementation of the
18 order. And we see that the order is addressed precisely to those
19 persons.
20 Can you please tell me, Mr. Pavlovic, if you are familiar with
21 this order? Was there a Gorica-Stolac check-point that is referred to
22 here?
23 A. Check-points changed from day to day as needed. When it was
24 necessary, we did maintain a check-point for a long time. This is the
25 check-point at Aladinici, and the other check-points were set up as
Page 46902
1 needed.
2 Q. Are you familiar with this order? Did you see it before? Did
3 you know that actions and operations were co-ordinated in this way?
4 A. I cannot see -- I cannot recall seeing the order, but that's
5 probably how it was.
6 Q. Let's look at the following document. This is 5D0 --
7 JUDGE ANTONETTI: [Interpretation] You have two minutes left to
8 finish.
9 MS. TOMASEGOVIC TOMIC: [Interpretation] I'm going to just skip
10 some things, then.
11 Your Honours, it's important to me to show the period. I have
12 several documents, and I asked at the beginning, and I'm asking again, if
13 I may spend a few minutes allocated to Mr. Coric's Defence.
14 JUDGE ANTONETTI: [Interpretation] Yes, Mr. Coric. Before you
15 take the floor, I want to state my own feeling.
16 This witness is appearing on behalf of the Petkovic Defence to
17 speak to the events in Stolac, to the problems with the Serbs. Your
18 lawyer is now tackling from an angle that was not at all mentioned in the
19 examination-in-chief, which is the issue of the military police. You
20 will have an opportunity to call your own witnesses on this topic.
21 Therefore, if you're given additional time, this creates a total
22 imbalance, when it comes to witnesses called to speak to a specific
23 topic, to address the points of view of all and the accused.
24 So this being said, you may proceed.
25 THE ACCUSED CORIC: [Interpretation] Your Honours, yesterday,
Page 46903
1 during the examination-in-chief, this witness was invited to testify that
2 the military police was under the command of someone else and not the
3 people who we are talking about today in our cross-examination, and it is
4 very important to us, this topic. We very rarely request additional
5 time, and today we insist that we be given more time in order to complete
6 our cross-examination.
7 JUDGE ANTONETTI: [Interpretation] I'm going to ask my colleagues.
8 MS. ALABURIC: [Interpretation] Your Honours, Your Honours, if you
9 permit me --
10 [Trial Chamber confers]
11 THE INTERPRETER: Microphones, please.
12 JUDGE ANTONETTI: [Interpretation] Very well.
13 After discussing the issue on account of Mr. Coric's
14 intervention, who said that this was really exceptional for him to ask
15 additional time, the Trial Chamber grants the Coric Defence 15 additional
16 minutes that will be taken out of his overall time. In other words, you
17 have another 15 minutes to proceed.
18 MS. ALABURIC: [Interpretation] Your Honours, if you permit me,
19 I'm not going to oppose this decision. To the contrary, I wanted to
20 support the request by my colleague for extra time. I would just like to
21 clarify one thing.
22 In the examination-in-chief, the military police was referred to
23 exclusively in the context of the rights of the chief of the Main Staff
24 to command the military police. The topic of our examination-in-chief
25 was not what was happening with the military police in certain areas of
Page 46904
1 Herceg-Bosna. I absolutely appreciate the interest of Mr. Coric and
2 additional time for their cross-examination, and I support that, but at
3 the same time I would also like it to be taken into account that this
4 really is a new aspect of a topic. So during my redirect, I would like
5 to be permitted some extra time in order to be able to cover this topic.
6 MS. TOMASEGOVIC TOMIC: [Interpretation] Thank you, Your Honours.
7 Q. Mr. Pavlovic, let us now look at 5D01054. This is also your
8 order sent to the SSD
9 order? This is from May 1993.
10 A. Yes, I do recognise it.
11 Q. Let's look at the next document. This is
12 502548 [as interpreted]. This is a document -- P02548, and it is a
13 command by the commander of the 1st Brigade sent to, among others, to the
14 military police of Stolac and the active forces in Dretelj. These units
15 are in the area of responsibility of Mr. Obradovic. Am I correct?
16 A. Which units are you thinking of? I am reading the document, so I
17 wasn't following.
18 Q. I apologise to you. I was perhaps a bit fast. It's the military
19 police in Stolac and the active police in Dretelj. They're also in the
20 area of responsibility of Colonel Obradovic. One is in Capljina, and the
21 other one is in Stolac. The brigade covers Capljina and Stolac? This is
22 my question.
23 A. Yes.
24 Q. Let's look at the next document. This is P02640. This is a
25 search warrant that you sent to the Stolac military police in June 1993.
Page 46905
1 Do you remember that document?
2 A. Yes.
3 Q. Let's look at the next document. This is P03135. And while
4 we're looking for the document, I am just going to put one question to
5 you.
6 Based on the documents that we've looked at so far, it's clear
7 that before the 30th of June, 1993, you and the commander of the 1st
8 Brigade were issuing orders to the military police in your area of
9 responsibility; am I correct?
10 A. Yes, I was issuing orders to them for the police assignments in
11 my area of responsibility.
12 Q. Now we have the document P03135. This is an order also by
13 Colonel Obradovic on the 3rd of July, 1993. I'm going to read just the
14 preamble and paragraph 1, because they're important to us. And it states
15 in the document:
16 "Based on the newly-arisen situation in the zone of
17 responsibility of the Knez Domagoj 1st Brigade of the HVO, and due to
18 increased crime and irresponsible behaviour by some commanders and
19 soldiers of the HVO 1st Brigade, and pursuant to unlimited powers
20 conferred on me over civilian and military structures in accordance with
21 the broadening of the area of responsibility, I hereby order:"
22 And then in paragraph 1, it states:
23 "Prevent any theft or any other form of appropriation of personal
24 and other property of people in our zone of responsibility. Arrest the
25 perpetrators and institute criminal proceedings against them through this
Page 46906
1 command."
2 Before I put my question in relation to this document, I would
3 like you to look at document 5D04392. This is your order of the same
4 date, the 3rd of July, where you say:
5 "Pursuant to the order of the commander of the HVO 1st
6 Knez Domagoj Brigade, I hereby order:
7 "Members of the military police, personnel of the civilian
8 police, and those other soldiers assisting in manning check-point posts
9 in the IZM Stolac zone of responsibility are to prevent the theft of all
10 movable property," and then that type of property is listed, as well as
11 weapons and military equipment.
12 The order was sent to the military and to the civilian police.
13 Mr. Pavlovic, can you please tell me whether you recognise this order and
14 whether the order by the commander of the 1st Brigade, to which you
15 refer, is actually the one that we looked at in document P03135?
16 A. Yes, that is correct.
17 Q. I'm going to look at two more documents, and we will be finished
18 in a few seconds.
19 Let's look at document P03019. It's a document that was shown to
20 you by Mr. Petkovic's Defence yesterday.
21 JUDGE ANTONETTI: [Interpretation] Colonel, I have a question for
22 you.
23 I've just had a look, a more thorough look at your order of the
24 3rd of July, 1993. At the end of the day, you're asking for
25 Colonel Obradovic's order to be carried out. But regardless of the fact
Page 46907
1 that you were given an order, I'd like to know this: The commander of a
2 unit, can he, without having received any prior order, ask the military
3 police to arrest and seize the weapons of individuals who are not
4 supposed to carry those weapons or move about? Is that not a classical
5 task of a military police at check-points, to carry out controls, and
6 when they find somebody with a weapon that is not authorised, that person
7 is arrested and the weapon is taken? Do you really need an order to do
8 that sort of a job?
9 THE WITNESS: [Interpretation] I've already said that the police
10 in the zone carried out military police assignments pursuant to our
11 orders, and that is precisely the job they should do; that is to say, to
12 control the area. And anything else, if there's any crime or anything
13 like that, then they have to prevent that.
14 JUDGE ANTONETTI: [Interpretation] By way of an example, your
15 order was sent to the civilian police. Very well. Among the classical
16 task of a civilian police, they have to combat trafficking with food in
17 wartimes, all the people who sell food at very high prices. All that
18 sort of offences is the responsibility of the civilian police. They
19 don't need orders by the military police to do that sort of work. Why do
20 you give an order to the civilian police? Because it's part -- by law,
21 part of their job to do that.
22 THE WITNESS: [Interpretation] Yes, that's right, but perhaps at
23 that point in time they didn't have all the necessary information about
24 what was going on there, and then we had to co-operate with them.
25 JUDGE ANTONETTI: [Interpretation] Let me give you another
Page 46908
1 example. Let's take a civilian. Normally, he should not be carrying a
2 weapon, unless he has a hunting rifle and also he has a permit to have
3 it. But apart from that situation, he's not supposed to have a weapon.
4 When a civilian policeman sees a civilian with a military weapon, well,
5 he can arrest that person without having an order to do so; do you agree
6 with me?
7 THE WITNESS: [Interpretation] I agree completely.
8 JUDGE ANTONETTI: [Interpretation] Very well.
9 JUDGE TRECHSEL: I would like to add a question referring to even
10 a more previous document, P03135, but I don't think you have to look it
11 up because it's a very small thing.
12 Here, Colonel Obradovic speaks of "unlimited powers conferred on
13 me over civilian and military structures." What is your comment to this?
14 Is that a correct description of the legal situation or is Colonel
15 Obradovic going a bit beyond what the correct description of his position
16 would be?
17 THE WITNESS: [Interpretation] I see here for the first time that
18 Colonel Obradovic sent an order of this kind, and I really don't know
19 what the motive was. Perhaps somebody prepared that order for him and he
20 just happened to sign it without really looking at it properly. I don't
21 know.
22 JUDGE TRECHSEL: Thank you.
23 JUDGE ANTONETTI: [Interpretation] Try to finish before the break.
24 It would be good for you to finish and for us to finish with you before
25 the break.
Page 46909
1 MS. TOMASEGOVIC TOMIC: [Interpretation] Thank you, Your Honour.
2 Q. Mr. Pavlovic, let's look at document P03019, which is a document
3 shown to you by the 4D Defence yesterday. And I'd like us to focus on
4 item 10 of that document.
5 During my cross-examination, we have seen orders which you,
6 yourself, sent to the military police of Stolac throughout the spring,
7 including the beginning of July, 1993, and they were sent in the same way
8 every time. And if I understood you correctly, in response to a
9 question, I think, by the Presiding Judge, you said that you knew what
10 was going on from your level of command downwards and that you acted
11 according to the orders given to you by your superior, immediate superior
12 officer, in this case Mr. Obradovic. Am I right in saying that?
13 A. Yes.
14 Q. Am I also right in concluding that you, in fact, have no
15 knowledge about what was going on about your command level and in what
16 way the orders were sent and reached Colonel Obradovic? Am I right?
17 MR. KRUGER: Your Honour, I apologise to object at this late
18 stage, but I think for such a crucial point and this being a new topic,
19 it's not appropriate that this information is solicited by leading
20 questions. Thank you very much.
21 MS. TOMASEGOVIC TOMIC: [Interpretation] Your Honour, this is not
22 a new topic, because the witness, on transcript page 46843 to 46845, was
23 asked what the authorisations were of the chief of the Main Staff linked
24 to command over the military police, and I just want to clear up with the
25 witness what level -- what his knowledge was, to ask him whether he knew
Page 46910
1 what was going on on the ground, whereas that he didn't know about other
2 things and couldn't testify about them. So I'd like the witness to tell
3 me whether I'm right or wrong when I say that.
4 JUDGE TRECHSEL: I agree with what you've said, but I find your
5 question not clear. You say:
6 "He had no knowledge about what was going on about your command
7 level."
8 THE INTERPRETER: "Above," interpreter's correction, "above."
9 JUDGE TRECHSEL: Thank you. I suspected that there was a problem
10 with the translation, and it's now been set straight. Please go on.
11 Excuse me.
12 MS. TOMASEGOVIC TOMIC: [Interpretation] Yes, yes, it's been
13 corrected.
14 Q. Could you repeat your answer to my last question? Am I right or
15 not?
16 A. Well, I didn't give you an answer.
17 Q. Well, then give me one now.
18 A. Could you repeat your question, please? But make it shorter,
19 because it was rather a long one.
20 Q. From your testimony here today, I concluded, on the basis of your
21 answers to me and your responses to the Trial Chamber's questions, that
22 you base your answers on your knowledge emanating from your experience.
23 And your experience was how you commanded those you were in a position to
24 command in the area in which you were active in, and the orders that you
25 received from your immediate superior, which was Mr. Obradovic. Am I
Page 46911
1 right there?
2 A. Yes.
3 Q. Then I can conclude that you don't have direct knowledge, and
4 you've already told the Presiding Judge that in your response, what was
5 happening above that level; that is to say, from whom and in which way
6 orders reached Colonel Obradovic, himself?
7 A. Yes.
8 Q. So now in the document that we have before us, let's look at item
9 10. In item 10, in brackets, it says:
10 "Co-operate with all forces in your zone."
11 And then it says:
12 "ATG
13 outside your structure."
14 Now, in view of the orders that I showed you here today, can you
15 tell me and do you know which was this military police outside your
16 structure and whether it was conveyed to you in that way? Because as far
17 as I understood it yesterday, you didn't see the order in written form,
18 but you received part of that order orally from Mr. Obradovic.
19 MS. ALABURIC: [Interpretation] Your Honour, objection to those
20 orders, because Mr. Obradovic didn't say that he received the order from
21 General Petkovic.
22 MS. TOMASEGOVIC TOMIC: [Interpretation] I apologise.
23 Q. You said that some of these contents you received orally from
24 Mr. Obradovic; am I right?
25 A. Yes.
Page 46912
1 Q. Now, did Mr. Obradovic mention the military police outside your
2 structure at all?
3 A. Well, I can't remember. It was 17 years ago, after all. I can
4 just remember the assignment I was given in general terms, but not the
5 details.
6 Q. Can you tell me what this means, "military police outside your
7 structure"? What is that?
8 A. Well, if we are to interpret the definition, then it is a unit
9 which is outside the unit which somebody commands.
10 Q. So that would be some other military police unit coming into the
11 zone, not the one that you commanded, that is to say, the platoon from
12 Stolac; is that how I'm to understand it?
13 A. Yes.
14 Q. Now let's move on to the next document, Mr. Pavlovic, which is
15 P03160. It is the last document, and I'll be finished in a moment. It
16 is an order from Colonel Nedjeljko Obradovic, commander of Sector South,
17 dated July 1993, in which he says that:
18 "Due to the current situation in the field, and in order to
19 protect the citizens and towns, as well as their property, I hereby issue
20 the following order:"
21 Item 1: "The security protecting of the citizens of the towns of
22 Capljina and Stolac shall be taken over by the civilian police of
23 Capljina and Stolac in order to prevent looting and violence."
24 Item 2: "I hold the commanders of the civilian police of
25 Capljina and Stolac responsible for the execution of this order."
Page 46913
1 "Delivered to" at the bottom, it says:
2 "The commander of the civilian police of Capljina."
3 And: "The commander of the civilian police of Stolac."
4 Tell me now, Mr. Pavlovic, whether you've ever seen this order
5 before or did you know about it? And that's my last question.
6 A. I didn't see this order at that time, because it's the day that I
7 left Stolac and I can't remember having seen it.
8 MS. TOMASEGOVIC TOMIC: [Interpretation] Thank you, Mr. Pavlovic.
9 Thank you, Your Honours. That completes my cross-examination.
10 JUDGE ANTONETTI: [Interpretation] Very well. We're going to
11 break for 20 minutes.
12 --- Recess taken at 4.00 p.m.
13 --- On resuming at 4.24 p.m.
14 JUDGE ANTONETTI: [Interpretation] Mr. Karnavas, you have the
15 floor.
16 MR. KARNAVAS: Thank you, Mr. President.
17 And, again, good afternoon, everyone in and around the courtroom.
18 And good afternoon, sir.
19 Cross-examination by Mr. Karnavas:
20 Q. I just have four brief matters, and I think we can get through
21 them rather quickly.
22 If I can have you look at first at 1D01704. You have it in front
23 of you, and if you could look at that very quickly. And then if you
24 could also take a moment to also look at 4D01067. They're both
25 connected, and my questions will --
Page 46914
1 THE INTERPRETER: Into the microphone, please, Counsel. Thank
2 you.
3 MR. KARNAVAS: My questions will relate to these two documents on
4 the first topic.
5 Q. Have you ever seen this document before, sir?
6 A. Yes, I saw this second document during the proofing session.
7 Q. Okay. Now, as I understand it, during this period of time, if we
8 look at the documents, they seem to be -- the first one, that is,
9 1D01704, on or about 18 September 1993, and the other document, 4D01067,
10 is 19 September 1993; is that correct?
11 A. The second one, yes. But as to the first one, I can't read the
12 date. I assume it's correct.
13 Q. Now, this would have been the period when you were at the
14 Heliodrom; is that correct?
15 A. Yes.
16 Q. And I just want to just briefly touch upon a couple of things.
17 We can see on the first document, 1D01704, the preamble, we see that --
18 that this is pursuant to Article 30, and it says: "... as the supreme
19 commander of the armed forces ..."
20 And if we go to items, for instance, 3, there is an order that
21 says:
22 "The conditions in detention centres for prisoners of war which
23 are not in keeping with those envisaged in the International Law of War
24 and the Geneva Convention shall immediately be rectified accordingly.
25 The prisoners of war shall be treated in compliance with the Geneva
Page 46915
1 Convention provisions and other humanitarian norms."
2 And of course if we look all the way down, we see this is signed
3 by Mate Boban; is that correct?
4 A. Yes.
5 Q. All right. And if we look at paragraph number 7, we see that:
6 "The Main Staff of the HVO shall communicate this order to all
7 subordinated commands and units, and render professional assistance in
8 its implementation."
9 My first question to you regarding this particular paragraph is:
10 At this point in time, who is your immediate superior officer?
11 A. Brigadier Miljenko Lasic.
12 Q. All right. Now, if we could turn to 4D01067, 4D01067, the next
13 document, dated 19 September 1993, we see that it's an order, and would
14 you agree with me that this is signed by -- it is signed for Mr. Lasic;
15 is that correct?
16 A. Yes.
17 Q. All right. And, of course, we see that this order is copied to
18 various units or sectors; correct?
19 A. Yes.
20 Q. And immediately after that, we also see something that is
21 attached to this particular order, and that is from the Office of the
22 President, dated 15 September 1993. And if we look at the next page, we
23 see -- or if we look at the bottom of this document, we see that it's
24 signed by Mate Boban; correct?
25 A. Yes.
Page 46916
1 Q. And if we look at this attachment and we look at number 3, again
2 it says:
3 "Immediately ensure all conditions in case that they have not
4 been provided in the detention centres for prisoners of war, and ensure
5 that they are stipulated by the International Military Law and the Geneva
6 Convention. Observe provisions of the Geneva Convention as well as other
7 humanitarian standards during treatment of prisoners of war."
8 And then if we look at number 7:
9 "The HVO Main Staff will inform all subordinated commands and
10 units with this order, and offer expert assistance in realisation of the
11 aforementioned."
12 Having looked at this second document, 4D01067, would it not
13 appear that Mr. Lasic is acting pursuant to the order that was issued by
14 President Boban?
15 A. Yes.
16 Q. And this would have been a period when, at least as you've
17 indicated, the second document would have been sent to you or you would
18 have been informed of it from your immediate commander, Miljenko Lasic;
19 correct? And that's my last question for this?
20 A. Yes.
21 Q. All right. Now, let's move on to another subject.
22 Yesterday, you were referenced to a statement by someone, and the
23 document is P10153. That should be in the binder that was provided to
24 you by the Petkovic Defence. Do you have that available at the moment?
25 Mr. Usher, could you see to it that the gentleman has P10153 from
Page 46917
1 yesterday.
2 Do you have it, sir? It is a statement by a witness who has been
3 given the pseudonym of ED. It would have been in the Petkovic binder.
4 No? All right. My mistake.
5 MS. ALABURIC: [Interpretation] Your Honours, I'd just like to say
6 that I didn't include the document in the binder because it was under
7 seal, containing the name of the witness. That's why I failed to do
8 that.
9 MR. KARNAVAS: My apologies, my apologies.
10 Anyway, we all have it, and I'll just ask you a few questions
11 based on this document.
12 MR. STEWART: Excuse me. Could I just check the number? What
13 it's -- what number is it?
14 MR. KARNAVAS: P10133.
15 MR. STEWART: Oh, thank you, yes. So it came as "10153" earlier.
16 MR. KARNAVAS: Yes, my apologies.
17 MR. STEWART: No, thank you for that.
18 MR. KARNAVAS: My apologies, no. I can't read my own writing.
19 That was the problem.
20 MR. KRUGER: Your Honour, if I may also just inquire, as the
21 document is under seal, perhaps we should go into private session to deal
22 with this.
23 MR. KARNAVAS: Well, I'm not -- it doesn't matter to me,
24 Your Honour, one way or the other. The gentleman did not --
25 JUDGE ANTONETTI: [Interpretation] Registrar, private session,
Page 46918
1 please.
2 [Private session]
3 (redacted)
4 (redacted)
5 (redacted)
6 (redacted)
7 (redacted)
8 (redacted)
9 (redacted)
10 (redacted)
11 (redacted)
12 (redacted)
13 (redacted)
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15 (redacted)
16 (redacted)
17 (redacted)
18 (redacted)
19 (redacted)
20 (redacted)
21 (redacted)
22 (redacted)
23 (redacted)
24 (redacted)
25 (redacted)
Page 46919
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2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11 Page 46919 redacted. Private session.
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
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Page 46920
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2 (redacted)
3 (redacted)
4 (redacted)
5 (redacted)
6 (redacted)
7 (redacted)
8 (redacted)
9 (redacted)
10 (redacted)
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12 (redacted)
13 (redacted)
14 (redacted)
15 (redacted)
16 (redacted)
17 (redacted)
18 (redacted)
19 (redacted)
20 (redacted)
21 (redacted)
22 (redacted)
23 (redacted)
24 [Open session]
25 THE REGISTRAR: Your Honours, we're back in open session. Thank
Page 46921
1 you.
2 MR. KARNAVAS:
3 Q. Now, the first -- the 1st Battalion, that was also under
4 Obradovic, was it not?
5 A. Yes.
6 Q. Okay. And I don't know if you know directly, you know, but can
7 you tell us whether it would have been normal, under the circumstances,
8 that Obradovic would inform all of his subordinates about what needed to
9 be done as far as isolating the Muslim HVO soldiers?
10 A. Yes.
11 Q. Okay. So fair to say -- fair to say that along with you, the
12 commander of the 1st Battalion was also informed by Obradovic what needed
13 to be done; correct?
14 A. Yes.
15 Q. Now, in addition to this order, you had another responsibility,
16 as I understand your testimony, and that was to sort of assist in the
17 realignment of the units, because with taking out large numbers of Muslim
18 soldiers -- Muslim HVO soldiers, something had to be done, because you
19 still had the confrontation line and the Serbs were still there; correct?
20 A. Yes.
21 Q. And as I understand it, it was only two or three days before this
22 incident that some HVO soldiers had been killed from the Serbs -- by the
23 Serb side; correct?
24 A. Several days before that.
25 Q. All right. So while there wasn't active -- active and intensive
Page 46922
1 fighting, nonetheless there was a need to keep the line secure; correct?
2 A. Yes.
3 Q. Now, here's my question: When you had this meeting and Obradovic
4 is telling you and the others and, as I understand it, when you carried
5 out the order, you also used the military police, the civilian police,
6 MUP, they assisted you -- something -- you know, in any event, all of you
7 had to carry out this order, did Obradovic specifically tell you where
8 all of these individuals, who were HVO soldiers, where they had to be
9 isolated? Did he give you a specific place in mind?
10 A. We asked him. We said we couldn't isolate those people near the
11 front-line, and he told us to take them to the Grabovina barracks.
12 Q. Now, you had been to those barracks before, had you not?
13 A. Yes.
14 Q. And you're familiar with what is available and what was available
15 at that time; correct?
16 A. Roughly, yes.
17 Q. All right. Now, under oath today, I'm going to ask you one
18 question, and I would appreciate a very straight answer, a very direct
19 answer. At that point in time on June 30th, or July 1st, or July 2nd,
20 did Gabela and Dretelj exist as prisoner of war camps, as they later on
21 came to exist, as we learned later on? Did they exist at that point in
22 time? Yes, no, I don't know, those are the choices.
23 A. They did not exist, or at least I didn't know about them at all.
24 But I don't think they existed.
25 Q. And you say at least you didn't know about it, but you were in
Page 46923
1 the area for an entire year?
2 A. Yes.
3 Q. All right. Now, I understand that there was this confrontation
4 line, but were there ever provisions made in the eventuality that large
5 numbers of Serb POWs, for instance, would have been captured? Because
6 I think it's fair to assume that the incident of the June 30th was not
7 predicted in advance in order to make all these provisions.
8 A. There were no preparations, and we didn't plan for any number of
9 detainees, and not even Serb ones, because at that time there were no
10 intensive combat actions.
11 Q. And one final question. During the period that you were at the
12 Heliodrom, and as I understand it, it was approximately July 3, 2 or 3,
13 to --
14 A. 12th of July.
15 Q. Sorry, 12th of July --
16 A. 20th of July.
17 Q. 20th of July until October; correct?
18 A. Yes.
19 Q. Did you attend any meetings -- any civilian meetings at the HVO
20 municipalities in Capljina or Stolac where discussions might have been
21 held concerning Dretelj or Gabela, the POWs in general, or anybody who
22 had been detained and was being detained?
23 A. No.
24 MR. KARNAVAS: That's all I have, sir. Thank you very much, and
25 thank you for coming here to give your evidence. And good luck.
Page 46924
1 That's all, Mr. President. Thank you very much.
2 JUDGE ANTONETTI: [Interpretation] Does the Stojic Defence have
3 any questions?
4 MS. NOZICA: [Interpretation] Yes, Your Honour.
5 I would like to greet everyone in the courtroom and to ask the
6 usher to distribute the documents for the Judges, for the witness, and
7 for the Prosecutor.
8 Your Honours, I would just like to inform you that I have some
9 problems with my back. Probably it's a professional injury. So if I
10 have to sit for a minute, I am going to let you know, but basically I am
11 able to stand if I lean on the lectern.
12 Cross-examination by Ms. Nozica:
13 Q. [Interpretation] Mr. Pavlovic, you have received my binder of
14 documents. We have a limited amount of time. I'm briefly go through the
15 cross-examination, and in order to inform you and the Trial Chamber, I'm
16 going to refer to any previous reference in the case to our documents.
17 Can we please look at 2D00281. This is in the pink binder.
18 Mr. Pavlovic, this is an exhibit, so there is no need for you to
19 confirm the entire document. I'm going to draw your attention to some
20 parts, and I'm going to do that in relation to your answers when you were
21 shown document 4D478.
22 Yesterday, during the examination-in-chief -- we don't need to
23 look at the document. I'm just going to remind you that it's a document
24 where Mr. Pizovic is asking Mr. Lasic, if you remember, to use the
25 long-range weapons, if you remember that.
Page 46925
1 A. Yes.
2 Q. And the document is dated the 6th of -- the 30th of June. And
3 this document that we're looking at is the 26th of January, and it is
4 also signed by Mr. Pizovic. The first part of the document is an
5 analysis of the Bregava Brigade up until this date. We're going to look
6 at item 1. It talks about the beginning of the organisation for combat
7 and resistance to the aggressor in the Stolac municipality territory, and
8 it says that the bearers of these activities were certain members of the
9 SDA, in the form of assembling the manpower, forming of the units, and so
10 on.
11 Mr. Pavlovic, can you confirm that this was so, according to your
12 information, and that members from the SDA party approached the
13 organising and the forming of this unit in Stolac? Is that correct?
14 A. Yes.
15 Q. Mr. Pavlovic, document 4D478. Yesterday, based on your answers
16 to Judge Antonetti's questions, you said that at that time in February,
17 the co-operation between the B and H Army -- or, rather, the
18 Bregava Brigade and the HVO was good; is that correct?
19 A. Yes.
20 Q. I'm going to now show you page 2 of the translation, in the
21 section marked with the number 3, and it deals with the way they acquired
22 arms. This is the third dash from the bottom, where it says:
23 "Arming by way of seizing the weapons from ex-JNA members and
24 later on from the HVO units."
25 Mr. Pavlovic, at that time during this period of good
Page 46926
1 co-operation with the Bregava Brigade, were you aware that individuals
2 stole or seised weapons from the HVO? I will use that term, "seised."
3 A. In a way, yes.
4 Q. In paragraph marked "6" of this document, Mr. Pizovic - this is
5 in January 1993 - suggests certain things, he puts forward some
6 proposals, and he proposes the formation, training, and equipping of
7 units for sabotage actions. You told us that you knew a little bit about
8 the Jug South Operation, and I'm going to ask you if you knew whether
9 these units actually did carry out sabotage actions shortly before
10 Operation South was carried out in that area.
11 A. Yes.
12 Q. Can we now look at document 2D3060. This is the one-but-last
13 document in the normal binder. I apologise to you and to everyone,
14 because I did not arrange the documents in the order that I was going to
15 use them. I didn't know how the questioning would proceed --
16 JUDGE TRECHSEL: Excuse me, Ms. Nozica. I seem to have missed
17 something.
18 I thought that in the previous -- or with regard to the previous
19 documents, 2D00281, under number 6, you referred to "sabotage," and I
20 fail to find the word in number 6. Perhaps I've misunderstood something.
21 MS. NOZICA: [Interpretation] Your Honours, if we look at
22 paragraph 6, where it says: "Begin with specialised training of basic
23 units for commanders," then the second one is: "To begin with training
24 of low-level units to achieve strength of troops," and then we have the
25 third dash where it says: "Formation, training, and equipping of the
Page 46927
1 unit for diversion actions" --
2 JUDGE TRECHSEL: I would not translate "diversion actions" as
3 "sabotage actions." I understand this to mean actions which create an
4 error as to the intentions of the troops with the enemy so that his
5 attention is diverted from what our own troops actually want to do.
6 There's a German word for it, which would be "Uplinkskom [phoen]
7 manoeuvre," "divert the attention."
8 MS. NOZICA: [Interpretation] Your Honours, I'm going to look. So
9 in case the term is inappropriate in the translation. It's something
10 that we do not have time to deal with right now, but we will then make a
11 correction in the translation, if we deem that it is appropriate. I hope
12 that that is all right with you.
13 JUDGE TRECHSEL: Definitely, and I will do a bit of linguistic
14 research in the meantime.
15 MS. NOZICA: [Interpretation]
16 Q. Witness, I suggested that we look at 2D3060. Have you found it?
17 It's the one-document-but-last. This is a document signed by
18 Mr. Mehmed Dizdar, and it's dated the 28th of January, 1993. Sir, I'm
19 going to ask you to repeat, very briefly, if you know this gentleman, and
20 what was his post at that time, and what was he doing before that?
21 A. He was the commander of the Stolac Police Station until Stolac
22 was liberated from the Serbian aggressor. And later, from what I know,
23 when the Bregava Brigade was formed, he was a member of the
24 Bregava Brigade, whose task was to organise the police station as part of
25 the Bregava Brigade and to transfer policemen of Muslim ethnicity from
Page 46928
1 the police station to the Stolac Police Station.
2 Q. During yesterday's examination-in-chief, you were talking about
3 his role with -- in terms of the army, the Serbian Army?
4 A. Yes.
5 THE INTERPRETER: Could the counsel please be asked to repeat her
6 question, and could all extra mikes be turned off, please.
7 MS. NOZICA: [Interpretation]
8 Q. When we're talking about this document, I am going to ask you to
9 look at this proposal of measures. It's a report that he drafted. I'm
10 going to read just one of these proposals of the measures:
11 "Monitor all that is going on at the camp area of Rotimlje, and
12 in that aspect co-operate to the utmost with the population."
13 This speaks about the responsibilities and -- the
14 responsibilities of the police, about information, the political and the
15 military situation in that area, and it says here "co-operate with the
16 population."
17 I am going to ask you, Mr. Pavlovic, did you have information
18 from that time that other than members of the Bregava unit and the MUP,
19 headed by Mr. Dizdar previously, citizens also -- all the other citizens
20 were included in these activities, as it says here? Did you have such
21 information?
22 A. Yes.
23 Q. Now I'm going to ask you to look at document 2D288. This is the
24 third document from the top, and this document is actually something that
25 was shown to you during the examination-in-chief. My colleague
Page 46929
1 Ms. Alaburic showed it to you under number 4D586.
2 All I would like to do is to mention that this document is
3 already an exhibit under the 2D number, and this is for purposes of the
4 transcript.
5 And then my colleague Ms. Alaburic asked you about this last
6 sentence. This is a document by Mr. Fikret Muslimovic, and it's the
7 Armed Forces Supreme Command headquarters, and it's sent to the Command
8 of the 4th Corps, and it says -- about the expectations of a
9 deterioration of relations with the HVO, and it says it is very important
10 that, for such a situation, to make the Muslims within the HVO as passive
11 as possible and to influence their transfer from the HVO to the B and H
12 Army. Mr. Pavlovic, yesterday you confirmed that you knew that is
13 exactly how action was carried out in this regard; is that correct?
14 A. Yes.
15 Q. I'm going to show you document 2D286. This is the second
16 document from the top. This is also a document. It's a diary by a
17 member of the Bosnia
18 going to refer to documents that were shown to you on the same topic in
19 relation to this document. These are documents 4D33, 4D34, 35, 36, and
20 2D300.
21 Can you please look at the diary entry for the 18th of April, and
22 can you please look at the time entry, "10.30." You probably had a
23 chance to read all of it, and it refers to Bregava, the Bregava Brigade.
24 It says:
25 "Accepting the battle, if it is imposed by the HVO, linking up
Page 46930
1 our people in the HVO together with the B and H Army."
2 And then it says:
3 "Capture Stolac with our people from the HVO."
4 Mr. Pavlovic, does this document confirm what you said yesterday,
5 that, as we have seen from Mr. Muslimovic onwards, that the 4th Corps
6 orders came from the Supreme Command and were finally implemented in the
7 area where you were in Stolac for the members of the Muslim ethnic group
8 from the HVO be transferred to the Bosnia and Herzegovina Army? And here
9 it says then that they were to carry out the capture of Stolac precisely
10 with those people?
11 A. Yes.
12 Q. And the last document. This is document 2D3059. This is the
13 fourth document from the top, and it has that yellow tape, so you will
14 not have a problem to find it. Look at this document. This is the
15 document of the 3rd Brigade of the HVO of the 27th of August, 1993,
16 signed by the deputy commander for operative affairs of the battalion,
17 Damir Cavar, and the commander of the 4th Brigade, Misic. It's a report
18 on the events on the 4th [as interpreted] of August, 1993.
19 I would like to tell you, Mr. Pavlovic, that today you responded
20 to questions by Mr. Praljak on page 10, lines 10 to 15, where you spoke
21 about the events of the 20th of September, 1993, about events when the
22 Bosnia and Herzegovina Army was not adhering to the cease-fire, and that
23 that was the reason for the attack on the HVO on the 20th of September,
24 1993. Can we please look to see if the same situation is referred to in
25 this document?
Page 46931
1 We're looking at the third paragraph. It says:
2 "The enemy is using the signed cease-fire, and it is determined
3 that sniper nests are active closer and closer to our lines of defence,
4 with the assistance of prisoners. This morning, at about 9.30, from
5 some -- one such newly-erected sniper nest, Branislav Safradin was killed
6 and Anton Serdajrevic was heavily wounded."
7 We are skipping the next paragraph, and then it says:
8 "Immediately after that, using the cease-fire, MOS forces
9 transferred their forces over the Old Bridge."
10 It says:
11 "Our artillery is helpless because of the explicit ban to open
12 fire."
13 So from a general paragraph, he says:
14 "I emphasise that MOS forces are masterfully using the cease-fire
15 and they are grouping and strengthening forces along our line so that
16 they could, according to my assessment and reports received from scouts
17 and the VOS, execute the attack on our defence line, which is what
18 happened on the 24th of August."
19 And then he says that this situation affects the soldiers' morale
20 and that it is impossible to control the soldiers, et cetera.
21 Now, this is your 3rd Brigade, Mr. Pavlovic. You were the
22 commander at that time. Are you aware of this report? Do you know about
23 it and can you confirm the events set out there, and whether there were
24 similar events of this kind that you can recall?
25 A. This report is absolutely correct, because I personally saw
Page 46932
1 things like this. At that time, the forces of the BH Army were not
2 respecting the cease-fires and truces agreed upon, and that every time a
3 truce was established, there would be movements in their positions along
4 the defence lines. This would take place in advance. There would be new
5 fortification, and then they used that for their advance.
6 Very often, they carried out isolated actions; that is to say,
7 actions by which they wished to break through individual points along our
8 defence lines and to destroy a bunker that was of vital importance to
9 them, and in that way to weaken our defence generally.
10 Q. Mr. Pavlovic, was there any sniper fire, as is described here in
11 this report? And I assume the report reached you. You must have seen
12 it; right?
13 A. Yes, that's right. Their snipers opened fire many times, and
14 unfortunately many civilians were killed from sniper fire. And I had
15 fatalities of that kind in my own family.
16 Q. I apologise, Mr. Pavlovic. I haven't met you before. Perhaps
17 you don't like saying it, but have you -- having told us, could you tell
18 us who was injured in your family and where, if you want to tell us?
19 A. My uncle's daughter was wounded in the settlement of Dum. And,
20 yes, I can say quite frankly that was about 300 metres behind our
21 front-lines of defence. And 15 days later, she died as a result of those
22 injuries.
23 Thank you, Mr. Pavlovic. I do apologise for asking you. I
24 didn't know that anything like that had happened to you, but as you had
25 brought it up, I thought I'd ask you.
Page 46933
1 Thank you. That concludes my cross-examination.
2 I'd just like to correct something on page 61 of the transcript,
3 line 9. The date should read the 14th of August and not the 4th of
4 August, 1993
5 And thank you, Your Honours.
6 JUDGE ANTONETTI: [Interpretation] You're welcome.
7 For Mr. Pusic, Mr. Ibrisimovic, do you have any questions?
8 MR. IBRISIMOVIC: [Interpretation] Thank you, Mr. President, for
9 giving us the opportunity of cross-examining, but we have no questions
10 for this witness.
11 Thank you, Mr. Pavlovic, for coming in to testify.
12 JUDGE ANTONETTI: [Interpretation] Thank you.
13 Mr. Kruger, you may cross-examine the witness.
14 MR. KRUGER: Thank you.
15 A very belated good afternoon to Your Honours and to everybody in
16 and around the courtroom.
17 If I may just check.
18 [Prosecution counsel confer]
19 MR. KRUGER: Your Honour, if I could ask the assistance of the
20 usher to help distributing the binders, and if I could also ask for their
21 assistance to obtain a lectern, Your Honour.
22 JUDGE ANTONETTI: [Interpretation] Thank you.
23 MR. KRUGER: Thank you, Your Honour, and thank you to the ushers.
24 Cross-examination by Mr. Kruger:
25 Q. Good afternoon or good evening, Mr. Pavlovic.
Page 46934
1 A. Good evening.
2 Q. And just to start off: During 1992, did you become a member of
3 the HDZ?
4 A. No.
5 Q. When you were appointed as commander of the 3rd Brigade on the
6 20th of July, 1993, is it correct that your appointment was signed by
7 Mr. Boban?
8 A. Yes.
9 MR. KRUGER: For the record, the exhibit is P03582, and it's
10 already in evidence. I won't show it to the witness.
11 Q. The appointment by Mr. Boban, it stated that he made the
12 appointment, but who made the recommendation for your appointment?
13 A. The Personnel Department probably recommended me, of the
14 Main Staff, to that position. I can't know exactly, but that's what
15 I think. The president appointed me. Now, at whose recommendation, I
16 really can't say.
17 Q. You said -- while we're on that topic, it's been touched on
18 previously tonight as well: Yesterday, you were asked whether
19 General Petkovic participated in the planning of Jug, and you said, No,
20 to your knowledge. But just to go further on this: So you, yourself,
21 didn't participate in the planning of Operation Jug?
22 A. That's right.
23 Q. That's right, you didn't participate, or you did participate?
24 A. No, I didn't participate, no.
25 Q. And you weren't privy to what went on in those meetings where
Page 46935
1 this was planned, the Operation Jug?
2 A. That's right.
3 Q. And you don't know actually who attended those meetings or
4 participated in those meetings; is that also correct?
5 A. That is correct.
6 Q. So from your own personal knowledge -- actually, you cannot say
7 whether as -- you cannot state as a fact that General Petkovic did not
8 participate in those meetings for the planning of Jug?
9 A. I didn't claim that. I said that I didn't think so. I don't
10 think he did, to the best of my knowledge.
11 Q. Okay. Sir, let's look at something else. This is also just a
12 general matter. And for this, we're going to -- we're focusing still on
13 your taking over of the command of the 3rd HVO Brigade. And if you look
14 in your binder, I'm going to refer you to document P05933.
15 Now, you'll see in your binder that you have tabs, and these tabs
16 are in numerical order. So if you can find, on one of those tabs,
17 P05933. It's a little beyond the -- half of your binder. 5933.
18 If I may ask the usher for his assistance to help the witness
19 find this document.
20 JUDGE ANTONETTI: [Interpretation] Mr. Kruger, I don't know how
21 you work, what your work method is, but I think it's easier to order the
22 documents as you're going to use them. I think these are the basic rules
23 to comply with in order not to waste time.
24 MR. KRUGER: Your Honour, I fully understand that. The problem
25 is that it's not clear exactly which topics we will be dealing with
Page 46936
1 ultimately.
2 Q. Sir, you have the document now?
3 A. Yes.
4 Q. And you will see that this is the report dated 18 October, and
5 this was actually when you handed over your brigade to your successor,
6 and that was Mr. Stanko Sopta; is that correct?
7 A. The day I handed over the brigade was the 4th of October, and I
8 stayed on assisting Mr. Sopta for another 10 days with the hand-over and
9 take-over of duties, informing him about the area of responsibility of
10 the brigade and with everything else that the brigade had in its hands so
11 as to introduce him to the brigade gradually.
12 Q. And that's, indeed, what it says in the first paragraph. The
13 hand-over was the period from 4 October to 14 October 1993.
14 Now, if we can just look at the last two bullet points in
15 paragraph 4, towards the end of the document. It says:
16 "In the past 10 days, we did the rounds of all units and
17 positions, and the new commander was informed of the existing situation
18 and the problems in the brigade."
19 And that's correct, that's what you've just told us indeed
20 happened, isn't it?
21 A. Yes.
22 Q. And it also says:
23 "The old commander did his best to inform the new commander of
24 all the details he was interested in and help in the removal of existing
25 problems."
Page 46937
1 And that's also correct, because you also told us about that;
2 correct?
3 A. Correct.
4 Q. Now, sir, is it correct that as a responsible commander, you
5 would have informed your successor of every problem that there was which
6 you thought would affect his ability to function properly in his new
7 command?
8 A. Of course.
9 Q. You wouldn't leave him guessing about anything?
10 A. I'm that kind of person. If I think something is useful to
11 someone and that they need to know something, I would certainly draw
12 their attention to it.
13 Q. You wouldn't leave a problem so that your successor could be
14 surprised by something?
15 A. Not consciously, no.
16 Q. Now, sir, when you received the brigade -- the 3rd Brigade from
17 your predecessor, I suppose you also received a hand-over from him.
18 A. Not in this way, no.
19 Q. Giving a hand-over -- or when one commander comes in and takes
20 over from an old commander, was it essentially standard procedure that
21 there was some kind of hand-over which took place, such as this?
22 A. There wasn't any special procedure, and the superior commanders
23 dictated how this would be done.
24 Q. Sorry. Did the -- I didn't catch that. Did the superior
25 commanders dictate how that should be done?
Page 46938
1 A. The superior commanders dictated how that would be done, and in
2 this particular case I was given the task of staying -- having to stay
3 with the new commander for 10 days to hand over my duties to him and to
4 inform him about the situation in the unit.
5 Q. And if you say it was your superior commanders who gave you that
6 instruction, which superior commanders are you referring to?
7 A. When I mean the commander in this case of the Operative Zone of
8 South-Eastern Herzegovina, that is to say, Mr. Lasic.
9 Q. Sir, just to conclude with this topic, I would just like your
10 reaction on this. I put it to you that actually even though the
11 procedures may have differed from case to case, essentially it was
12 standard procedure in the HVO at all levels of command, right up to the
13 chief of the Main Staff, to provide a hand-over from an outgoing
14 commander to an incoming commander.
15 A. I can't claim this for all cases, but I can describe some cases
16 where I was present, where I was concerned.
17 Q. Okay. Sir, let's step on to a new topic, and I now want to turn
18 back to the liberation -- the occupation and then the liberation of
19 Stolac in 1992. The first general questions relate to what you referred
20 to yesterday.
21 And you mentioned that there was, indeed, a joint defence plan
22 for Stolac prior to the occupation by the Serbs; is that correct?
23 A. Yes, Croats and Muslims cooperated because it was evident that
24 the Serbs would attack us, and the defence at the time, as far as I know,
25 and I did take part in some segments, was jointly planned.
Page 46939
1 Q. And this joint plan, ultimately it wasn't implemented because, as
2 you said yesterday, the Croats left, but the Serbs stayed in Stolac; is
3 that correct?
4 A. The Muslims stayed.
5 Q. Yes. And the Muslims who stayed in Stolac, they couldn't
6 implement the plan on their own to defend against the Serbs; is that
7 correct?
8 A. Correct.
9 Q. Now, sir, just for a moment I would like you to place yourself in
10 the shoes of a Muslim who remained in Stolac when the Serbs approached
11 and their Croat neighbours had left. If you were in their shoes, would
12 it be safe to say that the Muslims who remained in Stolac could have felt
13 betrayed by the Croats?
14 A. Sir, I can reply to this question in this way: You asked me had
15 I been in their place, what would I have done. I would have done the
16 same as a part of them did, some Muslims did, and which the bulk of the
17 Muslims planned to do. I would have withdrawn from the town of Stolac
18 from captured territory, because in no event would I have allowed myself
19 the luxury, and especially not have allowed that luxury to my children
20 and to my family, of leaving them in an uncertain situation which, in
21 certain cases, meant certain death. And if I may add something else to
22 this as well.
23 All Muslims who had left Stolac, and their families, were
24 accommodated and received in the same way that my family was received
25 that had also left the Stolac area. They were provided with schooling,
Page 46940
1 meals, accommodation in schools or other types of accommodation, and
2 there was no difference between a Croat and a Muslim family in that
3 regard. You can believe that. I know that. I am absolutely convinced
4 of that.
5 Q. Sir, I suppose it wasn't really possible for all Muslims to
6 leave, but regarding those who left, if I could refer you to evidence
7 that was led by a particular witness who has a pseudonym. It's not
8 necessary to go into closed session. The evidence was led in open
9 session, and I'll just read to you what this witness said, who was a
10 Stolac inhabitant.
11 The transcript reference is transcript page T-11828 from line 6
12 onwards. This witness said:
13 "When the Serbs took over Stolac, the Stolac SDS," which was
14 mainly Serbs, "tried to get the Stolac SDA to become involved in the Serb
15 autonomous region of Herzegovina
16 the time were convinced that we should respect the
17 internationally-recognised Republic of Bosnia-Herzegovina, its
18 constitution and its laws, and that was our sole option."
19 Having heard that, you don't dispute that this was the view of --
20 could have been the view of many of the Serbs -- the Muslims who remained
21 in Stolac during the Serb occupation?
22 A. Yes, that could have been the position, but the information that
23 reached me later indicates something different, quite different. At
24 first, the Yugoslav Army and the Serbian forces wanted to break up the
25 co-operation between Muslims and Croats in order to capture that area
Page 46941
1 more easily. But when they had acquired firm control over the area and
2 established the positions they wanted, then they embarked on the measures
3 that I referred to earlier. According to my information, information
4 that I have, they killed a number of people in the Stolac area, they
5 detained a large number in the Bileca prison, and then the Muslim
6 leadership signed loyalty to that state, but all of this was done under
7 considerable pressure. The last information that I have is that the
8 Croatian forces at the time did not organise quickly, and in just two
9 months, had they not returned that area to their control, the Serb Army
10 had plans to cleanse that area in the same way that they did in Gacko,
11 Bileca, and other places. When those forces were being expelled from
12 that area, I was receiving those people with my men and giving them first
13 aid, food, and equipment, and I was transporting them on to safe
14 territory, because there were a lot of women and children among them.
15 Q. Thank you. So from what you've said now, it appears to me that
16 one could say that those Muslims who had remained in Stolac, they didn't
17 really have much of a choice than to make the best of the Serb
18 occupation, and they had to co-operate with the Serbs to at least be able
19 to survive. They were co-operating not because they really wanted to and
20 because they accepted the Serbs, but simply they didn't really have a
21 choice. Could we say that?
22 A. I said the risk by their political leadership to leave them was
23 quite substantial.
24 I just want to mention one thing. The bulk of the Muslims, on
25 Flower Sunday in 1992, left together with the Croats from Stolac. We're
Page 46942
1 talking about the 10th of April. It was Flower Sunday or Palm Sunday,
2 just before Easter. Halfway, though, some of them were returned, and the
3 bulk of them were returned from Pocitelj, where there were from 10.000 to
4 15.000 refugees. They were returned by their party leaders and religious
5 leaders. This is a true event.
6 Q. Sir, but it's safe to say, in any case, and you don't
7 disagree - you mentioned this yesterday - that when -- or after the
8 liberation, the Muslims, they were very eager to join with the HVO, and
9 as you said, at that stage:
10 "I didn't see any misgivings in Muslims to join the HVO. They
11 were pleased to be liberated."
12 So I put it to you, from this, that generally at that stage the
13 Muslims, there was a chance for them to live with the Croats. They were
14 pleased, This is our joint municipality.
15 A. Yes, I can confirm that, and I can provide some details in the
16 form of a description, because that is how I experienced it, actually;
17 that the Croatian Defence Council and the Croatian Army were greeted by
18 the Muslim population as an army of liberators, and they voluntarily
19 joined their ranks.
20 Q. Now, sir, we're going to be looking at this for a moment, but
21 just before we look at it specifically: You arrived in Stolac on the
22 1st of July, or at least on that date you were appointed by
23 Colonel Beneta as the commander of the forward command post in Stolac; is
24 that correct?
25 A. I was appointed as the commander of the Stolac headquarters, and
Page 46943
1 I was assigned to Colonel Benko. This is the Municipal Staff of the
2 Stolac area.
3 Q. But the point remains, then, that Colonel Beneta was the
4 commander of the 116th Metkovic Brigade of the Croatian Army, meaning
5 that Stolac felt at that -- fell at that stage in the area of
6 responsibility of a Croatian Army unit; is that correct?
7 A. That is correct, because I don't know how familiar you are with
8 that, but when the Croats fled from the Stolac municipality area,
9 conscripts were mobilised. They were supposed to respond to the call-up.
10 But as the majority of them were in the area of the Metkovic, Neum,
11 Ploce, and Makarska municipalities, they were told to report to the Blace
12 village in the municipality of Opuzen
13 turn up from the 21st of April. And as each unit was formed, it was
14 being added to the 116th Brigade. Finally, a strong battalion was formed
15 as part of the 116th Brigade, and it was a striking force in the
16 liberation of the town of Stolac
17 MR. KRUGER: Thank you.
18 Your Honour, if I may just conclude this part and this topic.
19 It's only about two minutes or three minutes, as I see it's probably time
20 for the next break. Thank you.
21 Q. Now, sir, the 116th HV Brigade, did that essentially transform,
22 or parts of it, then, into the 1st HVO Brigade, Knez Domagoj?
23 A. As soon as I arrived, the Stolac Battalion turned into a unit of
24 the Stolac Municipal Staff, and we then carried out an additional
25 mobilisation and formed all the staff services, another infantry
Page 46944
1 battalion, and units at the level of a platoon or, as much we needed,
2 some logistics, artillery, communications, and other types of units.
3 After the 1st Herzegovina Brigade was formed, the Stolac
4 Municipal Staff, all of it and all of its functions, was transferred to
5 the 1st Brigade, where it was reorganised.
6 Q. Okay. And could you put a date to that, roughly, when the
7 1st HVO Brigade was formed? I think you did mention it yesterday.
8 A. I don't know the exact date, I really don't know it, but the 1st
9 Brigade was first of all set up in Capljina, and it encompassed the
10 Capljina units, and then units from Neum and Stolac were added on. This
11 was sometime in late July/early August. I don't -- I think that was the
12 period of time.
13 Q. My last question on this, sir: Those parts or elements of the
14 116th Metkovic Brigade which then became or eventually transformed into
15 parts of the Knez Domagoj Brigade, did they retain all their equipment
16 which had -- which they had as HV Army members; they carried that into
17 the HVO?
18 A. Personal weapons and equipment, yes, and the rest that we had --
19 at that time, we were already receiving additional weaponry, so I don't
20 know what they received from the 116th Brigade before I came, but yes.
21 MR. KRUGER: Thank you.
22 Your Honour, if we could have the break.
23 JUDGE ANTONETTI: [Interpretation] Very well, a 20-minute break.
24 --- Recess taken at 5.43 p.m.
25 --- On resuming at 6.07 p.m.
Page 46945
1 JUDGE ANTONETTI: [Interpretation] Court is back in session.
2 I believe that Mr. Praljak wants to take the floor. The Trial
3 Chamber is giving him one minute.
4 THE ACCUSED PRALJAK: [Interpretation] Your Honours,
5 Ms. Nika Pinter, my Defence counsel, translated for me your admonishments
6 towards me, and I can say that, well, the Judges were right and Praljak
7 was wrong. So I apologise to the Judges and to the ladies. They don't
8 have to listen to my outbursts. Of course, people always promise to
9 behave better in future. Now, before I tried to do that, but what
10 happened, it's -- to say "never" is child's play, I can't say "never,"
11 but I'll do my best and I apologise once again. Thank you.
12 JUDGE ANTONETTI: [Interpretation] Very well. Mr. Kruger, you
13 have the floor.
14 MR. KRUGER: Thank you, Your Honour.
15 Q. Sir, now, we were still talking about 1992, after the liberation
16 of Stolac from the Serbs, and your evidence yesterday, and if I
17 understand correctly, was essentially that initially there were some
18 tensions, but there was co-operation, but trust improved immensely after
19 the September Serb attack and the joint defence then against that attack
20 against the Serbs. Is that correct?
21 A. Well, from the first day of my arrival until the beginning of
22 1993, trust and confidence within my unit was --
23 THE INTERPRETER: Could the witness repeat what he said, please.
24 MR. KRUGER:
25 Q. Sorry, sir. The interpreter has asked that you repeat what you
Page 46946
1 said. She didn't catch that.
2 A. I said that from the first day of my arrival and as time went by
3 until 1993, trust and confidence increased from one day to the next, it
4 was bigger and bigger, because the soldiers were together every day up at
5 their positions, and you know when you spend all day every day together,
6 seven days and seven nights up at a bunker, your fellows become your
7 friends.
8 Q. And you also testified or documents were shown to you yesterday
9 which indicated that as late as February 1993, such trust still existed
10 at least in certain circles; correct?
11 A. When it comes to trust, I can testify here and now that trust
12 within the units of the Croatian Defence Council, except some individual
13 cases, was at a high level to the very end. It grew and grew, and once
14 it reached a level of high trust, that's where it stayed to the last day.
15 It was always on a high.
16 Q. But, actually, there was a problem, and that is that the good
17 co-operation was eventually destroyed. Let's take a look at what
18 soured it -- or possible causes of the souring of the good co-operation
19 or trust, and for this I'd like to put to you a little bit of evidence by
20 a witness who testified, and this is Witness CR. The transcript
21 reference is page T-11850 from line 11 onwards. Sir, this witness said:
22 "Good co-operation in the Stolac IZM and Crisis Staff lasted up
23 to October/November 1992, when Andjelko Markovic returned as president of
24 the Stolac HDZ."
25 Sir, is that correct? When Mr. Markovic returned or came to
Page 46947
1 Stolac in October/November 1992, did relations with the Muslims become
2 problematic, or were they affected, rather?
3 A. Mr. Prosecutor, co-operation at the forward command post of
4 Stolac was good to the very last day. Nobody could influence that, not
5 least the mentioned Mr. Markovic, so I don't see how he came to make that
6 observation that co-operation had become -- had deteriorated, because our
7 soldiers were everything that we were required to be. And we didn't make
8 any distinction between the soldiers, except, as I said yesterday, that
9 there were individual cases that we knew about, and we had to isolate
10 these people to prevent it spilling over to the other soldiers.
11 Q. Sir, would you disagree with a statement that
12 Mr. Andjelko Markovic was a hard-line Croat nationalist?
13 MR. KARNAVAS: Your Honour, the question is rather vague. What
14 is considered a hard-line Croat nationalist? What does he mean by that?
15 MR. KRUGER: I'll rephrase the question.
16 Q. Would you say that Mr. Markovic was a nationalist, a Croat
17 nationalist?
18 MR. KARNAVAS: Again, define what is "nationalist." Is that
19 somebody who likes what he is, his heritage? What is a nationalist?
20 JUDGE ANTONETTI: [Interpretation] Well, let's not waste any time
21 on this issue.
22 Yesterday, there was a document, and I wanted to ask the
23 question, and I didn't just to avoid wasting time. In this document, it
24 was said that there were Croats from the HV or from the HVO who were
25 extremists, and this was in a document that was mentioned. Maybe
Page 46948
1 "extremist" meant "nationalist," I don't know. We don't know. But
2 Mr. Kruger might just ask the question, and the witness is an officer. I
3 believe he's fully competent to answer. He doesn't need the help of a
4 counsel.
5 Mr. Kruger, please put the question again, and we'll see what the
6 answer will be.
7 MR. KRUGER: Thank you, Your Honour.
8 Q. Sir, what would your reaction be? Was Mr. Markovic a
9 hard-line -- I'm sorry, I'll just -- was he an extremist,
10 Mr. Andjelko Markovic?
11 A. Mr. Prosecutor, up until now in my testimony, I don't remember